Contoh Tesis Kajian Saintifik 2013

MINI THESIS

SCHOOLWIDE ENRICHMENT MODEL

MARA JUNIOR SCIENCE COLLEGE TUN GHAFAR BABA JASIN, MELAKA

2013

FLUORESCENT FILM FOR METAL DETECTION

(SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH)

GROUP: INGENIUER

   ZUHAIRY BIN ZAIRUL NIZAM         (12455)

IFTY IZZAT BIN MOHAMAD SALIM  (12141)

FACILITATOR

MR. ZULHAKIM BIN MOHAMAD SALLEH

2013

DECLRATION

I declare this thesis “Fluorescent Film for Heavy Metal Detection” is the result of our own research except as written in bibliography. The thesis has not been accepted for any SEM project and is not currently submitted in candidature of any other projects.

Signature      : ___________________

Name             : Ifty Izzat bin Mohamad Salim

Date               : 14 January 2013

Signature      : ___________________

Name             : Zuhairy bin Zairul Nizam

Date               : 14 January 2013

Signature      : ___________________

Name             : Mr. Zulhakim bin Mohamad Salleh

Date               : 14 January 2013

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim

            In the name of Allah The Most Gracious and The Most Merciful it is with His bestow that enable us to finish this project

            We are truly indebted to many individuals who directly or indirectly,  are responsible for this research coming to reality.

            Firstly, we are most indebted to Faculty of Science and Technology of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaya, Bangi for giving us permission to use its excellent research facilities. Next we would like to give thanks to our beloved facilitators Cik Rumaisa binti Nordin and Cik Nurul Izni binti Abdullah Halid for their time, dedication, energy, valuable guidance and their kind facilitation towards the completion of this thesis.

            We are also in gratitude to Mr. Norsuhaily bin Ali for his patience, guidance and continuous support to all our struggles till now. We also would lie to give thanks to Mr. Zulhakim for his wonderful ideas and brilliant suggestions towards the completion of this study.

            In addition, we would like to express our huge appreciation to the staff of Tun Ghafar Baba MJSC who guided us towards the success.

            Last but not least, to our beloved parents for their love, patience and financial support throughout the study. Thank you very much sincerely from our heart.   

ABSTRACT

Heavy metal plays a very important role in the industrial economy. Examples of heavy metal such as mercury, lead, aluminium and zinc are widely used in industrial factories. Waste of heavy metal which came out of such factories can pollute rivers. Heavy metal ions can cause harm to the human body when consumed. These ions are invisible to the naked eye. Therefore, high technology equipment is needed to detect these ions.  For example, methods to detect heavy metal ions nowadays is Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectometry(GFAA), Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectometry(ICP), chromatography, electrochemistry, spectrophotometry and flow injection . These methods are tedious and highly expensive. The aim of our project is to create an economical and user-friendly heavy metal ion detector by mixing antharcene with poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) to produce an antharcene based film. In this project we have successfully demonstrated the usage of this film by cutting the film into small pieces. Then, the small pieces are inserted into different solutions of heavy metal. The solution was then observed under florescent light which was located in the MIMOS lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaya . The solution containing heavy metal ions gave out a fluorescent glow as an indicator for heavy metal ion presence. This indicates that flurescent  based film can be a detector of heavy metal ions which is economical and user-friendly compared to those tedious equipment.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1  THE IMPORTANCE OF HEAVY METAL ION DETECTION

Heavy metal such as lead, aluminium, magnesium, zinc and other metal compounds are widely used in industries. The usage of these metals brings advantages to our daily routines.

Despite the advantages that could be obtained, heavy metals also bring disadvantages and could easily harm the lives of many. For instance, waste of heavy metal which came out of such factories can pollute rivers. Heavy metal ions such as lead cause convulsions, coma, renal failure, and death at the high end to subtle effects on metabolism and intelligence at the low end of exposures. Aluminum contributes to the brain dysfunction of patients with severe kidney disease who are undergoing dialysis. These ions are invisible to the naked eye. An easy and user-friendly heavy metal detector is needed now for the stop of heavy metal pollution.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Detection of heavy metal ions in rivers normally utilized expensive high technology equipment and also high setting up cost. Thus, the cost to detect heavy metal ions is prohibitive and not user-friendly. Furthermore, the usage of these expensive equipment is also tedious. Therefore, cheap, recyclable and user friendly are in demand for the detection of heavy metal ions that are polluting our rivers.

1.3 HYPOTHESIS

Heavy metal ions can be detected by the use of expensive and tedious equipments. In our experiments, anthracene based film is able to detect the presence of heavy metal ions by exposing the solution containing heavy metal ions dipped with the film under fluorescent light which is cheaper and user friendly.

1.4 TERMINOLOGY DEFINITION

PMMA            : Poly(methamethylcrylate)

DCM              : Dichloromethane

GFFA             : Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectometry

ICP                 :Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectometry

1.5 OBJECTIVE

The main objective of this research is to introduce an economical and user friendly heavy metal ion detector by using anthracene based film. Example of heavy metal ions that can be detect by this approach are Zinc, Lead, Mercury, Tin and Copper. In order to conduct activities towards the above objective, first there is a need to understand about the fatalities cause by the heavy metal ions to the human body and ecosystem. Therefore, other objectives of this research are also to understand the procedures involved in making the anthracene  based film.

CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

Materials required for preparation of  anthracene based film:

1.    Poly(methamethylcrylate)                                                            0.16g

2.    Dichloromethane                                                                          10ml

3.    Anthracene                                                                                    0.008g

General Apparatus :

·         Measuring cylinder

·         Beaker

·         Magnetic stirrer

·         Magnetic bar

·         Petri dish

·         Reagent bottle

FLOW CHART

PROCEDURE

1.    Insert a magnetic bar into a beaker.

2.    Pour 10ml DCM into the beaker containing the magnetic stirrer.

3.    Insert 0.16g PMMA into the beaker.

4.    Place the beaker on a magnetic stirrer and switch on the equipment.

5.    Set the rotation to 700rpm

6.    Stir for about 15 minutes until the PMMA is dissolve.

7.    Reduce the rpm and Insert 0.008g anthracene.

8.    Set the rpm back to 700rpm and continue stirring for about 15 minutes

9.    Pour the mixture onto a clean petri dish.

10. Leave the mixture to dry on the petri dish.

11. After the mixture has dried, pour water into the petri dish.

12. Gently slide the film out from the petri dish.

                 

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS

4.1 ANTHRACENE BASED FILM.

The above picture is to show the result of binding together anthracene with PMMA.

.

The picture shown above is the result of anthracene based film tested under fluorescent light.

4.2 DIFFERENT DRYING METHODS OF FILM.

We learned that there are different drying methods that can be used to dry the film. All drying method must be capable to dry the sample using clean air to avoid contamination to the sample, has a flat base so that the mixture is spread out evenly and has a wide surface area to ensure the mixture is spread out so that it is thin. In this project, we tested out 3 different drying methods which is by using an oven, hair dryer and kept in a dark drawer.

4.2.1 DRYING METHOD BY USING AN OVEN

In this drying method, the film which is in a petri dish is left out to dry in an oven at a temperature of 30 degree elcius with rotating air. The sample too() about 5 minutes to dry completely. The texture of the sample was rough because the top layer of the mixture dried faster compared to the bottom. This caused the presence of air bubbles in the mixture due to trapped air when the top layered dried and the mixture is wavy due to external factor of air movement causing air to get trapped inside.   

4.2.2 DRYING METHOD BY USING HAIR DRYER

In this drying method, the film was dried using a hair dryer of 400W. The hair dryer was held perpendicular to the petri dish containing the mixture to ensure that the movement of air is balanced throughout the surface of the mixture. The mixture too() about 20 minutes to dry completely. We observed that the result of this drying method is more or less the same to the method of using an oven. Air bubble is present in the mixture due to trapped air bubble when the surface layer dried and the mixture is wavy due to the strong air current projected by the hair dryer.

4.2.3 DRYING METHOD BY KEEPING IN DARK DRAWER

In this drying method, the petri dish containing the mixture was left to dry in a dar drawer with a width of 20.7 cm, length of 30.3 cm and height of 7.4 cm with still clean air of temperature about 27 degree celcius, low aeration and low humidity. The mixture too() about 45 minutes to dry completely. We observed that the result of this drying method is better than that those of using hair dryer and oven because it’s texture is smoother and no formation of air bubble in the mixture.

4.3 DEMONSTRATION OF USING FILM FOR METAL DETECTION

The film is cut into small pieces of 1X1cm and was inserted into reagent bottle containing plain water as controlled variable and different metal solution which is Zinc, Iron, Tin, Cobalt, Copper and plain water of volume 2cm cube. The reagent bottle is then placed under fluorescent light. The picture below shows the reagent bottle containing heavy metal ion and the film before and after placed under fluorescent light.

The picture below shows the reagent bottle containing heavy metal ion and the film before and after placed under fluorescent light


We observed that the solution in reagent bottle containing heavy metal ion solution glows while the one containing plain water does not glow but the film itself glows. This is because the anthracene that was bind to the PMMA ionizes in the solution to bind with the heavy metal ions causing them to glow under the fluorescent lights.

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

After our group has done doing research, we conclude that anthracene based film are able to detect heavy metal ions without spending to many time and expenses. We also discovered the best way to dry a film is by leaving it to dry in closed area with low humidity and air flow which was in our experiment was the drawer. This research has proved that anthracene based film cost less expenses and user friendly.

            This project is indeed bring benefits to all. The use of the anthracene based film will alsoenable new entrepreneur to invest in production of anthracene based film as the cost of producing the film is now affordable.

We would highly recommend that the film could be improved further by experimenting using different ratio and compounds that can give different reactions towards different metal solution. We also would like to recommend further research should be conducted to find a replacement for materials that can contribute to pollutions  especially chemicals. We believe that the effectiveness of the film can be maximized when the necessary chemicals are used.

DISCUSSION

            Detection of heavy metal ions is very tedious. Furthermore the cost in spending a machine like Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectometry(GFAA), Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectometry(ICP), chromatography, electrochemistry, spectrophotometry and flow injection to detect a slight amount of heavy metal ions is very high. Therefore, an alternative method to detect these heavy metal ions is needed. The antharcene based film is an easy, cheap and user friendly detector to detect the presence of heavy metal ions.

            The process in making an antharcene based film is not difficult. We only took about a day to complete the process. There were no problems in obtaining our results.

            The major implication of our project, is a significant cost saving and user friendly detector to detect heavy metal ions. Another implication, we believe any entrepreneur can start their business to produce antharcene based films like litmus paper, in mobile and moveable packets.

           

REFERENCE

·         Paul,S.,Halle,O.,Einside,H.,Menges,B.,Mullen,K.,Knoll,K.,Smitter-Ncher,S. 1996-Anantharcene-containing PMMA derinativeforphotoresist and channelwaveguide applications. Journal of thin solid films, 288; 150-154.

·         Capan,I.,Tarimci,C.Erdogen,M.,& Hassan A.,K,2009. Characterisation and vapour sensing properties of spin coated thin films of an antharcene labeled PMMA polymer. Journal of Materials Science and Engineering C.29:114-117.

·         Lin, J., S, 2003. Interaction between dispersed photochronic compound and polymer matrix. European polymer journal.39:1693-1700.

APPENDICES